Are you stuck in a never-ending cycle of dissatisfaction? Constantly seeking more but never truly feeling fulfilled? If so, you may be experiencing the effects of the Hedonic Treadmill. This phenomenon explains our tendency to constantly pursue happiness and material possessions, only to find ourselves unsatisfied shortly after achieving them. In this article, we will explore the science behind our desire for more and delve into the psychological roots of this perpetual discontentment. We will also provide practical strategies and exercises to help you overcome the Hedonic Treadmill and find lasting fulfillment. So, if you're ready to break free from this unending cycle and embrace true contentment, read on.
Understanding Discontent: What is the 'Hedonic Treadmill'?
Do you find yourself constantly chasing after the next big thing, thinking that once you have it, you'll finally be satisfied? But then, soon after, that feeling of fulfillment fades, and you find yourself longing for something else, trapped in a never-ending cycle of wanting more? If so, you may be experiencing what psychologists refer to as the "Hedonic Treadmill."
The Hedonic Treadmill is the theory that suggests humans have a natural tendency to return to a relatively stable level of happiness, regardless of the positive or negative events that occur in their lives. Just like a treadmill keeps you running in the same place, the Hedonic Treadmill keeps us in a state of perpetual dissatisfaction, always searching for the next source of happiness.
This phenomenon can be explained by the process of adaptation. When we acquire something new, whether it's a material possession, a relationship, or a life achievement, the initial excitement and pleasure we feel quickly diminishes over time. We become accustomed to our new circumstances, and what once brought us joy no longer has the same effect.
The Hedonic Treadmill also stems from societal pressures and the constant comparison to others. As we strive to meet societal expectations and keep up with the Joneses, we continually raise the bar for what we consider to be a satisfactory achievement or possession. This constant comparison creates a never-ending cycle of desires and discontent.
Psychologist Sonja Lyubomirsky explains, "We may keep striving to get better and better, but we're not necessarily going to be happier and happier."1
But why is it so important for us to understand the Hedonic Treadmill? Recognizing this pattern allows us to break free from the cycle of constant desire and find lasting fulfillment. By understanding that our longing for more is a natural part of human nature, we can start exploring alternative perspectives on happiness and contentment.
As you delve deeper into the following sections, you will discover the psychological roots of never being satisfied and learn effective strategies to overcome the Hedonic Treadmill. So, let's embark on this journey together and discover the path to lasting fulfillment.
The Science Behind our Desire for More
Have you ever found yourself constantly yearning for something more? More money, more success, more possessions? It seems like no matter what you achieve or acquire, the feeling of satisfaction is short-lived. This insatiable desire for more is a common phenomenon known as the 'Hedonic Treadmill'. But why do we constantly feel the need for more and how can we break free from this cycle?
The 'Hedonic Treadmill' is a concept that suggests that as we acquire more material possessions or achieve higher levels of success, we quickly adapt to our new circumstances and return to our baseline level of happiness. This means that no matter how much we acquire, it never seems to be enough to sustain a lasting sense of fulfillment.
The Science Behind the 'Hedonic Treadmill'
The science behind our desire for more lies in our brain's reward system. When we experience something pleasurable or rewarding, our brain releases dopamine, a neurotransmitter associated with feelings of pleasure and motivation. This dopamine release fuels our desire for more, as we seek to recreate that pleasurable experience.
However, over time, our brain becomes desensitized to the dopamine release caused by the same stimuli. This results in a diminished sense of pleasure and an increased need for greater rewards to achieve the same level of satisfaction. This is why we find ourselves constantly yearning for more, as we are chasing after that fleeting sense of happiness and fulfillment.
The Role of Social Comparison
Another factor that contributes to our desire for more is social comparison. In today's society, we are constantly bombarded with images and messages that depict others seemingly living the perfect life. This constant exposure to comparison can lead us to believe that we need to have what others have in order to be happy and fulfilled.
Psychologist Sonja Lyubomirsky states, "Seeing others who have what you don't, even if it's small, can produce envy and undermine your sense of well-being". This constant comparison can create a never-ending cycle of dissatisfaction, as we constantly strive to keep up with what others have.
Understanding the Need for More
So, why do we have this innate desire for more? Evolutionary psychologists suggest that this desire could be rooted in our ancestors' survival instincts. In early human history, the pursuit of more resources provided a better chance of survival and the ability to pass on their genes to future generations. This innate drive for more could be a remnant of our ancestors' striving for survival and reproductive success.
The Cost of Never Being Satisfied
Although the desire for more may seem harmless, it comes at a cost. Constantly chasing after material possessions and external achievements can lead to a neglect of the things that truly bring us happiness and fulfillment, such as meaningful relationships, personal growth, and self-care.
Psychologist Tim Kasser explains, "We are likely to become trapped in a cycle of perpetual dissatisfaction that propels us to seek out material goods as a way of compensating for our deeper discontentment with life". By constantly seeking external validation and material possessions, we lose sight of what truly matters and find ourselves on an endless pursuit of more.
Breaking Free from the Cycle
It is possible to break free from the 'Hedonic Treadmill' and find lasting fulfillment. By understanding the science behind our desire for more, we can begin to reframe our mindset and make intentional choices that prioritize our well-being and contentment.
To overcome the never-ending pursuit of more, it is important to shift our focus from external achievements to internal fulfillment. This involves cultivating gratitude for what we already have and practicing mindfulness to fully appreciate the present moment.
Psychologist David Steindl-Rast emphasizes the power of gratitude, stating, "Gratefulness is the key to a happy life that we hold in our hands, because if we are not grateful, then no matter how much we have, we will not be happy". By embracing gratitude, we can shift our perspective and find contentment in the present rather than constantly striving for more.
The desire for more is deeply ingrained in our human nature, fueled by our brain's reward system and societal influences. However, by understanding the science behind our desire for more and making intentional choices, we can break free from the 'Hedonic Treadmill' and find lasting fulfillment.
It's time to let go of the never-ending chase for more and embrace a mindset of gratitude and contentment. Remember, true fulfillment comes from within, not from external achievements or material possessions. So take a moment to appreciate what you already have and embrace a life of gratitude and contentment.
Psychological Roots of Never Being Satisfied
Do you ever find yourself constantly striving for more, yet never feeling truly satisfied? It's a feeling that many of us experience, and it can be incredibly frustrating. But have you ever stopped to consider the psychological roots of this perpetual dissatisfaction?
One important factor to consider is the role of comparison. We live in a world of constant comparison, surrounded by images and messages that reinforce the idea that we should always be striving for more. Social media platforms, for example, are filled with carefully curated portrayals of other people's perfect lives. It's easy to fall into the trap of comparing ourselves to these idealized versions of others and feeling like we are constantly falling short.
Psychologist Leon Festinger explored the concept of social comparison theory, which suggests that individuals have an innate drive to evaluate themselves in comparison to others. In the pursuit of happiness and fulfillment, we often find ourselves looking to others as a benchmark for success. However, this constant comparing can lead to a never-ending cycle of dissatisfaction.
Another psychological factor that contributes to our never-ending desire for more is the adaptation principle. Psychologist Hedonic Adaptation occurs when we become accustomed to positive changes in our lives and they no longer bring the same level of happiness and fulfillment2 . As a result, we are constantly searching for the next new thing that will bring us that same sense of excitement.
This constant striving can also be rooted in deeper psychological issues. For some individuals, this perpetual dissatisfaction may be a reflection of underlying feelings of inadequacy or a fear of missing out. Psychologist Dr. Sonja Lyubomirsky explains, "When we are dissatisfied, seeking change can give us a sense of control and purpose"3 . In this way, the pursuit of more becomes a way to mask deeper emotional or psychological needs.
Understanding these psychological roots is the first step towards breaking free from the cycle of never-ending desire. By recognizing the influence of comparison, adaptation, and underlying emotions, you can begin to challenge and redefine your definition of fulfillment.
Remember, it is essential to be gentle with yourself throughout this process. It's okay to desire growth and improvement, but it's equally important to acknowledge and appreciate the progress you have already made. As psychologist Dr. Emily Anhalt reminds us, "Fulfillment won't be found in more achievements or possessions. It's about developing an inner peace and acceptance of yourself" 4 .
Adapting Goals: The Value of Enough
One of the key ways to overcome the never-ending cycle of dissatisfaction is by reevaluating and adapting our goals. In a world that constantly bombards us with messages of needing more, it can be challenging to find contentment. However, by embracing the value of "enough," we can break free from the grip of the hedonic treadmill.
The Fallacy of More
We have been conditioned to believe that happiness and fulfillment lie in the pursuit of more material possessions, achievements, and experiences. We are constantly bombarded with advertisements and societal pressures that tell us we should always strive for bigger, better, and more impressive things.
But the truth is, the pursuit of more is a never-ending race. No matter how much we accumulate, achieve, or experience, the goalposts always seem to move. As psychologist Robert Holden once said, "The pursuit of more is another name for unhappiness."
Redefining Success
It's time to shift our focus from external measures of success to internal measures of contentment. Instead of constantly striving for more, we need to ask ourselves what truly brings us joy and fulfillment. This requires self-reflection and introspection.
Embracing the "Enough" Mindset
Redefining success does not mean settling for mediocrity or complacency. It means recognizing when we have reached a point where we have enough, and being content with it. It means setting realistic goals that align with our values and priorities, rather than blindly following societal expectations.
The Power of Contentment
By embracing the "enough" mindset, we free ourselves from the never-ending pursuit of more. We can find contentment in the present moment and appreciate what we already have. As writer and philosopher Arthur Schopenhauer once said, "Satisfaction consists in freedom from pain, which is the positive element of life."
Cultivating Gratitude
A powerful tool in embracing the "enough" mindset is cultivating gratitude. By actively seeking out and acknowledging the blessings in our lives, we shift our focus from what we lack to what we already have. Research has shown that gratitude can lead to increased happiness and life satisfaction.
Steps Towards Enough
To adapt our goals and embrace the value of enough, start by asking yourself the following questions:
What truly matters to me in life?
What are my core values and priorities?
What can I do to align my goals with my values?
How can I incorporate gratitude into my daily life?
In a world that constantly tells us we need more to be happy, it is crucial to recognize the fallacy of this belief. By reevaluating our goals, embracing the value of enough, and cultivating gratitude, we can break free from the never-ending pursuit of more. True fulfillment and contentment lie in appreciating what we already have – in recognizing that we are enough.
So take a moment, reflect on your own life and goals, and ask yourself: Are you ready to step off the hedonic treadmill and find contentment in the value of enough?
Reconditioning the Mind: Pathway to Fulfillment
In order to break free from the cycle of perpetual dissatisfaction, reconditioning the mind becomes a crucial step towards achieving lasting fulfillment. It is through reshaping our thoughts, beliefs, and perspectives that we can find true contentment and happiness.
A Shift in Mindset
The first step in reconditioning the mind is to recognize and challenge the negative thought patterns that contribute to our never-ending desire for more. Often, our inner critic takes control, constantly reminding us of what we lack and fueling a sense of inadequacy. Instead of succumbing to these self-defeating thoughts, it is essential to cultivate a mindset of self-compassion and self-acceptance.
Psychologist Martin Seligman aptly said, "Optimism is the faith that leads to achievement. Nothing can be done without hope and confidence." By shifting our focus from what is lacking to what is truly valuable in our lives, we can cultivate a sense of optimism and gratitude. This shift in mindset allows us to appreciate the present moment and find fulfillment in what we already have.
The Power of Affirmations
Affirmations, positive statements that challenge negative beliefs, can be a powerful tool in reconditioning the mind. By repeating affirmations such as "I am enough" or "I am deserving of happiness," you can start to reshape your subconscious beliefs and build a more positive self-image.
Renowned psychologist Louise Hay emphasizes the impact of affirmations, stating, "Affirmations are like planting seeds in the ground. You plant a seed, take care of it, and believe in it. And soon enough, the plant starts to grow." By consistently practicing affirmations, you can gradually rewire your brain and break free from the grip of the hedonic treadmill.
Cultivating Mindfulness
Another effective approach in reconditioning the mind is the practice of mindfulness. Mindfulness is the act of paying attention to the present moment without judgment, allowing us to develop a deeper awareness of our thoughts and emotions. By practicing mindfulness, we can learn to detach ourselves from the never-ending pursuit of more and find peace and contentment within ourselves.
Psychologist Jon Kabat-Zinn describes mindfulness as "the awareness that arises through paying attention, on purpose, in the present moment, non-judgmentally." By being fully present and engaged in our daily experiences, we can break free from the constant craving for external validation and find fulfillment from within.
Seeking Support and Guidance
Reconditioning the mind is not an easy journey to embark on alone. Seeking support and guidance from trusted sources can provide the necessary tools and insights to navigate the path towards lasting fulfillment. Whether it's through therapy, self-help books, or joining supportive communities, surrounding yourself with positive influences can greatly enhance your growth and transformation.
Remember, the journey of reconditioning the mind is a lifelong process. It requires commitment, patience, and self-compassion. But the rewards are immeasurable. As author Eckhart Tolle wisely said, "The greatest thing you can ever do for yourself is to be yourself."
Strategies for Overcoming the Hedonic Treadmill
Now that we understand the concept of the hedonic treadmill and how it can leave us perpetually dissatisfied, it's time to explore some strategies for breaking free from its clutches. Remember, the goal is not to completely eliminate desires and aspirations, but rather to find a healthy balance and avoid chasing after an elusive sense of fulfillment. Here are some powerful strategies to help you overcome the hedonic treadmill and find lasting satisfaction in life:
Practice Mindfulness: Mindfulness is the practice of being fully present in the moment and non-judgmentally aware of your thoughts, feelings, and sensations. By cultivating mindfulness, you can begin to observe and challenge the automatic thoughts and desires that drive the hedonic treadmill. When you catch yourself longing for the next big purchase or achievement, take a moment to ask yourself if it truly aligns with your values and if it will bring you lasting fulfillment.
Cultivate Gratitude: Gratitude is a powerful antidote to the never-ending desire for more. It shifts our focus from what we lack to what we already have, allowing us to find contentment in the present moment. Research has shown that practicing gratitude can improve well-being, increase happiness, and reduce materialistic tendencies. Start a gratitude journal and make it a habit to write down three things you are grateful for each day. Remind yourself of the simple joys and blessings that surround you.
Shift your perspective: Instead of seeking happiness solely in external achievements and possessions, try shifting your focus to internal growth and personal development. Invest time and energy into developing meaningful relationships, pursuing hobbies, and learning new skills. As the renowned author Leo Tolstoy once said, "The sole meaning of life is to serve humanity,". Find fulfillment in making a positive impact in the lives of others, and you will discover a sense of purpose that transcends the fleeting pleasures of material gain.
Practice contentment and moderation: Recognize that there is no end to the chase for more. Embrace the concept of "enough" and practice contentment with what you already have. This doesn't mean settling for mediocrity or stagnation but rather finding a balance between ambition and satisfaction. As philosopher Epictetus said, "He is richest who is content with the least, for content is the wealth of nature,". Embrace moderation and resist the urge to constantly outdo others or accumulate more possessions in an attempt to find happiness.
Cultivate self-compassion: Often, our never-ending desire for more is fueled by a belief that we are not enough or that we need external validation to feel worthy. Practice self-compassion by treating yourself with kindness and understanding, and recognizing that your worth is not defined by your achievements or possessions. Embrace self-acceptance and learn to love and appreciate yourself unconditionally.
Remember, overcoming the hedonic treadmill is a journey that requires mindfulness and continuous effort. Be patient with yourself and celebrate small victories along the way. By adopting these strategies and reevaluating your relationship with desires and aspirations, you can break free from the cycle of perpetual discontent and experience a deeper sense of fulfillment in life.
Practical Exercises for Lasting Satisfaction
If you find yourself stuck in the cycle of never-ending desire and constantly feeling unsatisfied, it's time to take action. The key to breaking free from the hedonic treadmill and finding lasting fulfillment lies in incorporating practical exercises into your daily life. By focusing on these exercises, you can retrain your mind and cultivate a sense of contentment.
Practice Mindfulness: Mindfulness is a powerful tool that can help you break free from the constant cycle of wanting more. By bringing your attention to the present moment, you can cultivate gratitude for what you already have and find joy in the simple things. Take a few minutes each day to sit quietly and observe your thoughts and sensations without judgment. This practice will help you become aware of your desires and cravings and allow you to let go of attachment to them.
Cultivate Gratitude: Gratitude is the antidote to discontent. When you appreciate what you have, you shift your focus from what you lack to what you already possess. Make it a habit to write down three things you are grateful for each day. It can be as simple as a sunny day or a kind gesture from a friend. By consistently practicing gratitude, you will train your mind to see the abundance in your life and feel more satisfied.
Engage in Acts of Kindness: Finding fulfillment can also come from giving back to others. Engaging in acts of kindness can bring a sense of purpose and fulfillment to your life. It could be as simple as helping a neighbor, volunteering at a local charity, or donating to a cause you care about. As writer Robert Brault said, "Enjoy the satisfaction that comes from doing little things well." By doing good deeds, you not only bring joy to others but also experience a sense of fulfillment yourself.
Simplify Your Life: One of the reasons we constantly seek more is because we are bombarded with messages telling us that we need to have more in order to be happy. But true happiness and fulfillment come from within, not from external possessions. Take a step back and evaluate what truly brings you joy and fulfillment. Eliminate the unnecessary clutter in your life, whether it be physical possessions, commitments, or negative relationships. Focus on what truly matters to you and let go of the rest.
Find Meaning and Purpose: We all have a deep desire for meaning and purpose in our lives. Take the time to reflect on what gives your life meaning and brings you a sense of fulfillment. It could be pursuing a passion, helping others, or making a positive impact in your community. As Viktor Frankl, an Austrian psychiatrist and Holocaust survivor, once said, "Those who have a 'why' to live, can bear with almost any 'how'." By finding your why, you can navigate through the ups and downs of life with a sense of purpose and fulfillment.
Practice Self-Compassion: It's important to remember that you are only human, and it's natural to experience moments of dissatisfaction. Instead of beating yourself up for not feeling satisfied, practice self-compassion. Treat yourself with kindness, forgiveness, and understanding. As author Brené Brown said, "Owning our story and loving ourselves through that process is the bravest thing that we’ll ever do." By acknowledging your feelings and treating yourself with compassion, you can break free from the cycle of never being satisfied and find lasting fulfillment.
By incorporating these practical exercises into your daily life, you can begin to break free from the hedonic treadmill and find lasting satisfaction. Remember, true fulfillment comes from within, and it's up to you to cultivate it. As you embark on this journey, be patient with yourself and celebrate small victories along the way. Embrace the power of gratitude, kindness, simplicity, and self-compassion, and you will find a deeper sense of fulfillment and contentment that lasts.
Embracing Gratitude: The Key to Contentment
In a world where there always seems to be something more to strive for, it's easy to fall into the trap of never feeling satisfied. We constantly chase after the next promotion, the latest gadget, or the trendiest fashion, believing that these things will bring us lasting fulfillment. However, this pursuit often leaves us feeling empty and craving for more.
But what if I told you that the key to true contentment lies not in accumulating more, but in embracing gratitude for what you already have? Research has shown that practicing gratitude can have a profound impact on our happiness and sense of fulfillment. Rather than constantly focusing on what you lack, shifting your mindset towards gratitude allows you to appreciate the abundance that already exists in your life.
Embracing gratitude is about recognizing and acknowledging the blessings, big and small, that come your way. It's about finding joy in the ordinary moments and expressing thanks for the people who enrich your life. When you cultivate gratitude, you open yourself up to a world of contentment and fulfillment.
The Power of Gratitude: Scientific Evidence
Science has validated the transformative power of gratitude. Research studies have shown that individuals who actively practice gratitude experience a wide range of benefits, including improved mental health, enhanced relationships, and increased overall well-being.
According to Dr. Martin E.P. Seligman, a pioneer in the field of positive psychology, gratitude is strongly linked to happiness. In his book "Authentic Happiness," he writes, "Gratitude can make your life happier and more satisfying. When we feel gratitude, we benefit from the pleasant memory of a positive event in our life. Also, when we express our gratitude to others, we strengthen our relationship. And most beautifully, gratitude underlines a fundamental truth about human beings: we are all connected to one another".
Shifting Your Perspective: Cultivating Gratitude
Embracing gratitude is not always easy, especially in a society that constantly bombards us with messages of scarcity and comparison. However, with conscious effort and practice, you can retrain your mind to focus on the positive aspects of your life.
One strategy to cultivate gratitude is to keep a gratitude journal. Take a few minutes each day to write down three things you are grateful for. They can be as simple as a beautiful sunset, a kind gesture from a friend, or a delicious meal. By regularly acknowledging these moments of gratitude, you train your brain to seek out and appreciate the positive aspects of your life.
Another way to embrace gratitude is through acts of kindness. When you do something kind for others, you not only bring joy to their lives but also cultivate a sense of gratitude within yourself. As the Dalai Lama once said, "It is not enough to be compassionate; you must act." Whether it's volunteering for a cause you believe in or simply lending a helping hand to a friend in need, acts of kindness remind us of the abundance of goodness in the world.
The Ripple Effect of Gratitude
Embracing gratitude not only benefits you personally but also has a ripple effect on those around you. When you express gratitude towards others, you uplift their spirits and strengthen your connection with them. By embracing gratitude, you contribute to creating a more positive and harmonious world.
As Oprah Winfrey said, "Be thankful for what you have; you'll end up having more. If you concentrate on what you don't have, you will never, ever have enough." By embracing gratitude, you shift your focus towards abundance and open yourself up to the endless possibilities of true contentment.
So, take a moment each day to pause, reflect, and express gratitude for the blessings in your life. Embrace the power of gratitude, and you will find that contentment is within your grasp. As you cultivate gratitude, you'll discover that lasting fulfillment lies not in pursuing what you lack but in appreciating what you already have.
Alternative Perspectives on Happiness and Fulfillment
While the hedonic treadmill theory suggests that we are constantly seeking more in order to maintain our happiness, there are alternative perspectives that offer a different approach to finding fulfillment. These perspectives challenge the notion that material possessions and external achievements are the ultimate sources of happiness. Instead, they encourage us to look within ourselves and cultivate a sense of inner peace and contentment.
One such perspective is the practice of mindfulness, which involves bringing our attention to the present moment without judgment. By fully immersing ourselves in the present, we can find joy and contentment in even the smallest things. As the Zen master Thich Nhat Hanh once said, "Smile, breathe, and go slowly."
Another alternative perspective is the philosophy of minimalism. Minimalism advocates for simplifying our lives by letting go of excess material possessions and focusing on what truly matters to us. By doing so, we can create more space for experiences, relationships, and personal growth. Joshua Becker, a prominent minimalist, explains, "The things we own end up owning us. It's only when we let go that we can truly be free."
Moreover, another concept to consider is self-compassion. Instead of constantly striving for perfection and berating ourselves for not achieving it, self-compassion allows us to be kinder and more forgiving toward ourselves. Dr. Kristin Neff, a leading researcher in self-compassion, emphasizes the importance of treating ourselves with the same kindness and understanding that we would offer to a close friend. According to her, "It's not self-indulgence or selfishness, but a necessary foundation for personal growth and development."
Furthermore, positive psychology offers a unique perspective on happiness and fulfillment. Instead of solely focusing on the absence of negative emotions, positive psychology explores the factors that contribute to our overall well-being and flourishing. It emphasizes the cultivation of positive emotions, strengths, and meaningful relationships. As Dr. Martin Seligman, the founder of positive psychology, puts it, "Happiness is not the goal, but a byproduct of a life well-lived."
In embracing these alternative perspectives, we shift our focus from external achievements and material possessions to internal states of mind, personal growth, and meaningful connections. By doing so, we can find true happiness and lasting fulfillment within ourselves.
So, the next time you find yourself caught up in the never-ending cycle of the hedonic treadmill, take a moment to consider these alternative perspectives. Remember that happiness and fulfillment can be found in the simplest of things, in letting go of excess, in being kind and forgiving to yourself, and in cultivating positive emotions and meaningful relationships. It is through these practices that you can create a life of contentment and genuine happiness.
Conclusion
As author and psychologist Robert Biswas-Diener notes, "Happiness is not determined by what's happening around you, but rather what's happening inside you." This profound statement emphasizes the importance of shifting our perspective and focusing on inner satisfaction rather than external achievements. By adapting our goals and realizing the value of enough, we can find contentment in the present moment and let go of the constant need for more.
"It is not how much we have, but how much we enjoy that makes happiness." - Charles Spurgeon
Ultimately, true fulfillment comes from within, and it is up to us to break free from the hedonic treadmill and embrace gratitude as the key to contentment. By practicing gratitude, recognizing the abundance in our lives, and learning to appreciate the small moments of joy, we can find lasting satisfaction and lead a more fulfilling life. So let us remember the words of Charles Spurgeon and focus not on the quantity of our possessions or achievements, but on the quality of our experiences and the ability to find happiness in the simple pleasures of life.
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23Martin Seligman, "Authentic Happiness: Using the New Positive Psychology to Realize Your Potential for Lasting Fulfillment" (2004)