Motivating Remote Employees: Strategies for Modern Businesses

Career

In today’s digital age, more and more businesses are embracing remote work. With the increasing number of employees working from home or from different locations, it is crucial for companies to find effective ways to motivate their remote teams. While managing remote employees comes with its own set of challenges, implementing the right strategies can help businesses create a productive and engaged workforce. From setting clear goals to fostering work relations, this article explores several strategies that modern businesses can utilize to motivate their remote employees. So, if you are a business owner or a manager looking to boost the motivation and productivity of your remote team, keep reading to discover these valuable strategies.

Strategy 1: Setting Clear and Concise Goals

One of the most important steps in motivating remote employees is to provide them with clear and concise goals. When employees have a clear understanding of what is expected from them, they are more likely to feel motivated and engaged in their work. Setting clear goals also helps employees stay focused and prioritize their tasks effectively.

Why Setting Clear and Concise Goals is Important

Having clear goals provides employees with a sense of direction and purpose. It helps them understand how their work contributes to the overall success of the company. As a result, they feel a stronger connection to their work and are more likely to go the extra mile to achieve those goals.

According to John Doerr, the author of Measure What Matters, "Goals can be a powerful tool for employee motivation and focus. They provide a clear vision and a sense of purpose, leading to higher levels of productivity and satisfaction."

How to Set Clear and Concise Goals

  1. Be Specific: Clearly define the goals and objectives. Outline the desired outcomes and explain the key milestones that need to be achieved.

  2. Make it Measurable: Set clear metrics and targets to track progress. This allows employees to measure their performance and see the impact of their efforts.

  3. Make it Attainable: While it's important to challenge employees, it's equally important to set goals that are realistically achievable. Unrealistic goals can demotivate employees and lead to decreased morale.

  4. Set a Deadline: Establish a timeline for achieving the goals. Having a deadline creates a sense of urgency and helps employees prioritize their tasks effectively.

  5. Provide Clarity: Clearly communicate the purpose and significance of the goals. Explain how they align with the company's overall objectives and how achieving them contributes to the team's success.

The Impact of Clear and Concise Goals on Remote Employees

By setting clear and concise goals, you are providing remote employees with a roadmap to success. You are giving them a sense of purpose and direction, which ultimately leads to higher levels of motivation, engagement, and productivity.

According to a study conducted by Harvard Business Review, "Clarity about goals and expectations can boost motivation, engagement, and performance, especially in remote work settings. When employees know their goals, they can align their efforts accordingly, resulting in increased productivity and satisfaction."

Remember, setting clear and concise goals is not just about assigning tasks. It is about inspiring and empowering your remote employees to achieve greatness. So take the time to set meaningful goals that align with your company's vision and watch as your remote team thrives.

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Photo by Silvan Arnet on Unsplash

Strategy 2: Encouraging Strong Communication Practices

In any workplace, communication is crucial for success. But when it comes to managing remote employees, effective communication becomes even more important. Remote work can often lead to feelings of isolation and disconnection, which can have a negative impact on productivity and engagement. That's why it's essential to encourage strong communication practices among your remote team.

Why is strong communication important?

Strong communication lays the foundation for a successful remote work environment. When your team members feel connected, informed, and supported, they are more likely to perform at their best. Proactive communication ensures that everyone is on the same page, working towards the same goals, and addressing any challenges that may arise.

1. Foster regular check-ins

Encouraging regular check-ins is an excellent way to promote effective communication among remote employees. These check-ins can take the form of daily or weekly video conferences, phone calls, or even informal chats over messaging platforms. The key is to establish a routine and create a safe space for open and honest communication.

By regularly checking in with your remote team members, you are actively showing your support and interest in their work. This helps them feel valued and connected to the larger goals of the organization. It also gives them an opportunity to share updates, ask questions, and seek guidance when needed.

As Timothy Ferriss, author and entrepreneur, said, "A lack of communication breeds assumption."

2. Make use of video conferencing

While email and instant messaging are convenient ways to communicate, they lack the personal touch that face-to-face interactions provide. Video conferencing can bridge this gap by allowing remote employees to see and hear each other in real-time.

According to a study by Owl Labs, "85% of remote employees say video conferencing helps them feel more connected to their team, resulting in an increased sense of belonging."

Video conferencing not only enhances communication but also helps build trust and rapport within the team. It allows for better interpretation of non-verbal cues, such as facial expressions and body language, which are essential for effective communication.

3. Encourage active listening

Encouraging active listening is another important aspect of promoting strong communication practices. Remote employees might feel unheard or overlooked due to physical distance, making it crucial to create an environment where their voices are heard.

As psychologist Carl Rogers once said, "The most basic and powerful way to connect with another person is to listen. Just listen. Perhaps the most important thing we ever give each other is our attention."

Active listening involves giving your full attention to the speaker, acknowledging their thoughts and feelings, and responding in a constructive manner. This helps foster trust, empathy, and understanding within the team.

4. Provide a dedicated communication platform

Having a centralized communication platform is essential for remote teams to collaborate effectively. It streamlines communication, reduces the chances of miscommunication, and ensures that important information is accessible to everyone.

There are various communication tools available, such as Slack, Microsoft Teams, and Zoom, that offer features like chat rooms, file sharing, and project management. Choose a platform that suits your team's needs and promotes efficient and seamless communication.

Effective communication is the lifeline of any remote team. By fostering regular check-ins, leveraging video conferencing, promoting active listening, and providing a dedicated communication platform, you can create an environment of strong and meaningful communication. This will not only keep your remote employees engaged and connected but also contribute to their overall well-being and productivity.

So take the time to invest in strong communication practices for your remote team. Remember, communication is the key to success, especially in a remote work setting.

Strategy 3: Utilizing the Right Technologies for Collaboration

In the modern world of remote work, collaborating effectively can be a challenge. However, with the right technologies at your disposal, you can bridge the gap between team members and work together seamlessly. Utilizing the right tools and platforms for collaboration is essential to keep your remote employees engaged, connected, and productive.

One of the most important technologies for collaboration is project management software. This tool allows you to assign tasks, set deadlines, and track progress in a centralized platform. With project management software, you can easily communicate project updates and allocate resources efficiently. As entrepreneur Mark Cuban once said, "The key to success is having a project management system that allows you to keep all of your tasks and projects organized and on track."

Another crucial tool for remote collaboration is video conferencing software. With video conferencing, you can hold face-to-face meetings with your team, regardless of their physical location. This technology enables you to read facial expressions, body language, and build stronger relationships with your remote employees. As business executive Indra Nooyi once said, "Communication is your ticket to success, if you pay attention and learn to do it effectively."

In addition to project management and video conferencing tools, cloud storage solutions are instrumental for remote collaboration. Cloud storage allows team members to access and share important files from anywhere, at any time. This eliminates the need for constant emailing of documents back and forth and ensures everyone has access to the latest versions. According to author Daniel Pink, "Control leads to compliance; autonomy leads to engagement." Cloud storage encourages autonomy by giving employees the freedom to collaborate on their terms.

Furthermore, instant messaging platforms can provide a quick and efficient way for team members to communicate and collaborate in real-time. These tools offer features such as group chats, file sharing, and video calls, making it easy to connect and work together without delay. As motivational speaker Brian Tracy once said, "Effective communication is 20% what you know and 80% how you feel about what you know." Instant messaging ensures that everyone on your team feels heard and valued, fostering a sense of connectivity and engagement.

Utilizing the right technologies for collaboration is imperative in motivating remote employees. By implementing project management software, video conferencing tools, cloud storage solutions, and instant messaging platforms, you can create a virtual workspace that promotes effective communication and seamless collaboration. Remember, as American philosopher John Dewey once said, "We do not learn from experience...we learn from reflecting on experience." Reflect on your remote collaboration strategy, adapt, and improve to keep your remote team motivated and thriving.

Strategy 4: Recognizing and Rewarding Employees' Contributions

Recognizing and rewarding employees for their contributions is an essential strategy for motivating remote workers. When employees feel appreciated and valued, they are more likely to be engaged and invested in their work. This approach also helps to foster a positive and supportive work environment, even when team members are physically distant from each other.

Why Recognition Matters

Recognition is a powerful tool that can have a significant impact on employee morale and motivation. When you acknowledge the hard work and achievements of your remote employees, you demonstrate that their efforts are seen and valued. As a result, they feel a greater sense of job satisfaction and are motivated to continue delivering their best work.

Research backs this up. According to a study conducted by the Harvard Business Review, 72% of surveyed employees reported that recognition had a significant impact on their motivation and engagement2 . Furthermore, a Gallup poll found that employees who received regular recognition were more likely to be highly engaged and demonstrate higher levels of productivity3 .

How to Recognize and Reward Employees' Contributions

When it comes to recognizing and rewarding remote employees, it's important to find creative and meaningful ways to show your appreciation. Here are a few effective strategies to consider:

  1. Personalized Messages and Public Acknowledgment: Take the time to send personalized messages to employees, expressing your gratitude for their specific contributions. This can be done through email, video calls, or even on team collaboration platforms. Additionally, publicly acknowledge their achievements during team meetings or in a company-wide newsletter. This not only makes employees feel valued but also showcases their accomplishments to their peers, boosting their confidence and motivation.

  2. Incentives and Rewards: Incentives and rewards are tangible ways to recognize employees' hard work. Consider offering gift cards, bonuses, or other incentives based on individual or team achievements. These rewards serve as a token of appreciation and motivate employees to continue striving for excellence.

  3. Professional Development Opportunities: Show your commitment to your employees' growth by providing them with opportunities for professional development. This can be in the form of online courses, webinars, or workshops. Investing in their skills and knowledge not only benefits your employees but also enhances their ability to contribute effectively to the team.

The Impact of Recognition

Recognizing and rewarding employees' contributions goes beyond boosting motivation and productivity. It helps to build a positive work culture where employees feel valued and appreciated. This, in turn, leads to increased loyalty and retention, as well as improved teamwork and collaboration.

As Tony Hsieh, the CEO of Zappos, once said, "Recognition is not just about rewarding people; it's about letting them know that what they do matters and that their efforts are making a difference." When you take the time to recognize and reward your remote employees, you are not only creating a happier and more engaged workforce but also building a foundation for long-term success.

Strategy 5: Promoting Employee Wellness and Work-Life Balance

In today's fast-paced and demanding work environment, it is crucial for companies to prioritize the well-being and work-life balance of their remote employees. Research has shown that when employees feel supported in maintaining a healthy lifestyle and have a good balance between work and personal life, they are more engaged, productive, and satisfied with their job.

Taking care of your employee's wellness and work-life balance is not just about being a caring employer, but it also has a direct impact on the success and growth of your business. Here are some effective strategies to promote employee wellness and work-life balance in a remote setting.

  1. Encourage Regular Breaks - Remind your remote employees of the importance of taking regular breaks throughout the day. Encourage them to get up from their desks, stretch, and engage in physical activities. Studies have shown that taking breaks can actually boost productivity and creativity levels. By promoting this practice, you are not only prioritizing their well-being but also helping them perform better in their roles.

  2. Support Flexible Working Hours - Allow your remote employees to have control over their work schedule to accommodate their personal needs and responsibilities. Trust them to manage their time effectively and deliver results. This flexibility creates a sense of trust and autonomy, which leads to increased job satisfaction and improved work-life balance.

  3. Promote Healthy Habits - Encourage your employees to prioritize their health by promoting healthy habits like regular exercise, healthy eating, and getting enough sleep. Provide resources, such as online fitness classes or mental health webinars, to help them adopt and maintain a healthy lifestyle. By supporting their physical and mental well-being, you are investing in their overall happiness and productivity.

  4. Create Virtual Wellness Programs - As a remote team, it is essential to find creative ways to foster a sense of community and promote wellness. Consider organizing virtual wellness programs, such as yoga sessions, meditation workshops, or online wellness challenges. These activities not only promote physical and mental well-being but also help to strengthen team bonds and create a positive work culture.

  5. Encourage Disconnecting from Work - Remote work often blurs the boundaries between work and personal life. Encourage your employees to disconnect from work during their time off and respect their personal boundaries. By promoting a healthy work-life balance, you are helping them avoid burnout and maintain their overall well-being.

Remember, the well-being of your employees is not just a perk but a crucial element for the success of your business. By implementing strategies to promote employee wellness and work-life balance, you can create a positive and thriving remote work environment.

As Richard Branson said, "Take care of your employees and they will take care of your business".

woman doing yoga meditation on brown parquet flooring
Photo by Jared Rice on Unsplash

Strategy 6: Building a Culture of Trust and Autonomy

In the fast-paced and ever-changing world of remote work, building a culture of trust and autonomy is critical for motivating your employees. When your team members feel trusted and empowered, they are more likely to stay engaged and motivated, leading to increased productivity and overall success for your business.

Trust: The Foundation of a Strong Remote Team

Trust forms the foundation of any successful team, and in a remote setting, it becomes even more crucial. When employees feel trusted, they are more likely to take ownership of their work and go the extra mile to deliver exceptional results. Trust is a two-way street, and as a leader, it is important to trust your employees to make the right decisions and handle their tasks with responsibility and professionalism.

"Trust is the glue of life. It's the most essential ingredient in effective communication. It's the foundational principle that holds all relationships." - Stephen Covey

Autonomy: Empowering Your Remote Workforce

One of the unique advantages of remote work is the ability to manage your own time and work independently. By granting your employees autonomy, you are empowering them to take control of their work and make decisions that align with the goals of your business.

Autonomy allows your team members to tap into their creativity and problem-solving skills, fostering a sense of ownership and pride in their work. It also gives them the flexibility to find a work style that suits their individual preferences and maximizes their productivity.

"People perform better when they feel trusted and empowered. Autonomy leads to better job satisfaction, higher performance, and increased commitment to the organization." - Daniel Pink

How to Build a Culture of Trust and Autonomy

Building a culture of trust and autonomy requires intentional effort and commitment from leaders. Here are some strategies you can implement to foster a culture of trust and autonomy within your remote team:

  1. Open and Transparent Communication: Encourage open and honest communication among team members. Foster an environment where everyone feels comfortable sharing their thoughts, ideas, and concerns. This will help to build trust and create a sense of psychological safety within the team.

  2. Delegate Responsibilities: Provide your employees with opportunities to take on challenging tasks and projects. Delegate responsibilities based on their strengths and interests, and give them the freedom to make decisions and take ownership of their work.

  3. Encourage Collaboration: Facilitate collaboration and teamwork by using tools and platforms that promote communication and collaboration. Encourage employees to support and learn from each other, fostering a sense of camaraderie and trust.

  4. Provide Support and Resources: Ensure that your remote team members have the necessary tools, resources, and support they need to excel in their roles. This can include providing training opportunities, access to relevant technology, and regular check-ins to offer guidance and support.

  5. Recognize and Celebrate Achievements: Acknowledge and appreciate your employees' contributions and achievements regularly. Celebrate milestones and successes, both big and small, to foster a positive and motivating work environment.

Remember, building a culture of trust and autonomy takes time and effort, but the rewards are well worth it. When your employees feel trusted and empowered, they will be motivated to give their best and contribute to the success of your business.

Strategy 7: Facilitating Opportunities for Skill Development

Investing in the skill development of your remote employees is crucial for their professional growth and overall job satisfaction. As a leader, it is your responsibility to create an environment that supports and encourages continuous learning. Providing opportunities for skill development not only enhances the capabilities of your employees but also boosts their confidence and motivation.

Why skill development matters

Skills are the backbone of any successful employee. By investing in skill development, you are investing in the future of your team and your organization. As the world rapidly evolves, so do the skills required in the workplace. By keeping your team up-to-date and equipped with the latest knowledge and expertise, you ensure their relevance and competitiveness in the market.

Providing training and learning resources

One of the most effective ways to facilitate skill development is to offer training programs and learning resources. These can be in the form of webinars, online courses, workshops, or even mentoring programs. By providing your remote employees with the necessary tools and opportunities to enhance their skills, you empower them to excel in their roles.

"The only limit to your impact is your imagination and commitment."

Encourage your remote employees to take charge of their own growth and development. Inspire them to explore new areas of interest and pursue learning opportunities that align with their career goals. By fostering a growth mindset within your team, you create a culture of continuous improvement and innovation.

Supportive feedback and coaching

Skill development goes beyond formal training programs. Regular feedback and coaching sessions are instrumental in helping your remote employees identify their strengths and areas for improvement. By providing constructive feedback and offering guidance, you can help them enhance their skills and overcome any challenges they may face.

"Feedback is the breakfast of champions."

By providing specific and timely feedback, you show your remote employees that you are invested in their development and success. Take the time to acknowledge their progress and celebrate their achievements. This will not only motivate them but also inspire them to continuously strive for excellence.

Creating opportunities for growth

In addition to providing training and feedback, it's important to create opportunities for your remote employees to apply their skills and knowledge. Assign challenging projects or offer them the chance to collaborate with other team members on interesting initiatives. By providing such opportunities, you allow your employees to stretch their abilities and grow both personally and professionally.

"Opportunities don't happen. You create them."

As a leader, it is your responsibility to create an environment that fosters growth and provides ample opportunities for skill development. Empower your remote employees to take ownership of their professional growth and support them in their journey. By doing so, you not only enhance their skills but also cultivate a sense of loyalty and dedication within your team.

Facilitating opportunities for skill development is a critical strategy when it comes to motivating remote employees. By investing in their growth and providing the necessary resources and support, you enable them to reach their full potential. Remember that skilled and motivated employees are the foundation of a successful organization. So, take the time to nurture their development and reap the rewards of a highly engaged and productive remote team.

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Photo by Jaredd Craig on Unsplash

Strategy 8: Keeping Employees Engaged with Creative Activities

In the fast-paced world of remote work, it's important to find ways to keep your employees engaged and motivated. One effective strategy is to incorporate creative activities into their routine. This not only helps to break the monotony of everyday tasks but also encourages innovation and boosts morale.

Here are some ways you can keep your remote employees engaged with creative activities:

  1. Encourage brainstorming sessions: "Creativity involves breaking out of established patterns in order to look at things in a different way." By organizing brainstorming sessions, you can spark new ideas and foster a collaborative environment. Encourage your employees to think outside the box, share their thoughts, and actively participate in discussions.

  2. Host virtual team-building exercises: "Teamwork is the ability to work together toward a common vision." Virtual team-building exercises not only promote collaboration but also create opportunities for employees to connect on a personal level. Consider activities such as virtual escape rooms, online trivia, or even virtual cooking classes. These activities encourage teamwork and help your employees bond with one another.

  3. Implement a creativity challenge: "Creativity is allowing yourself to make mistakes. Art is knowing which ones to keep." Challenge your employees to come up with innovative solutions to real problems. This can be done through a weekly or monthly creativity challenge. Provide them with a prompt or a problem statement and encourage them to think creatively to find solutions. Recognize and reward the most innovative ideas to foster a culture of creativity.

  4. Offer skill-based workshops: "The more you learn, the more you can do." Skill-based workshops not only provide your remote employees with opportunities for personal and professional growth but also allow them to explore their creative side. Offer workshops on topics such as graphic design, photography, or even creative writing. Empower your employees to develop new skills and unlock their creative potential.

  5. Create an online community: "When you create an online community, you're creating a sense of belonging, a space where people feel connected to each other." Establish a dedicated online platform where your employees can connect, share ideas, and collaborate. This virtual community can serve as a hub for creativity, allowing employees to showcase their work, provide feedback, and inspire one another.

By implementing these strategies, you can foster a culture of creativity and keep your remote employees engaged and motivated. Remember, when your employees feel inspired and passionate about their work, they are more likely to go above and beyond to contribute to the success of your organization.

So, go ahead and embrace creativity within your remote team. Encourage innovation, provide opportunities for skill development, and watch as your employees thrive in a space that allows their creativity to shine.

Strategy 9: Fostering Work Relations and Team Spirit

In a remote work environment, it can be easy for employees to feel isolated and disconnected from their colleagues. However, fostering work relations and team spirit is crucial for maintaining a positive and collaborative work culture. Here are some strategies to help you achieve this:

  1. Encourage Regular Team Meetings: Regular team meetings are a great way to bring everyone together and facilitate communication and collaboration. These meetings provide an opportunity for team members to share updates, discuss challenges, and celebrate achievements. By making these meetings a priority, you show your team that their contributions are valued and that you are invested in their success.

  2. Create Virtual Watercooler Moments: In a traditional office setting, spontaneous interactions at the watercooler or during lunch breaks help to foster relationships and build camaraderie. In a remote work environment, it's essential to recreate these moments virtually. Consider implementing virtual coffee breaks, team happy hours, or casual chat channels where team members can connect on a more personal level.

  3. Promote Collaboration and Peer-to-Peer Recognition: Encourage your team to collaborate and support each other on projects. Foster an environment where team members feel comfortable reaching out to one another for help or advice. By doing so, you promote a sense of camaraderie and teamwork. Additionally, recognize and reward team members for their contributions through peer-to-peer recognition programs. This not only boosts employee morale but also strengthens work relations and team spirit.

  4. Promote Team-Building Activities: Organize virtual team-building activities that allow team members to connect and bond outside of work-related tasks. These activities can be as simple as virtual icebreaker games, team trivia nights, or even virtual team challenges. By engaging in these activities, your team will have the opportunity to get to know each other better, build trust, and foster a sense of togetherness.

Remember, fostering work relations and team spirit is not only beneficial for your employees but also for the overall success of your business. As Richard Branson once said, "The best companies recognize that a healthy working environment means the company will stick together, move forward together, and achieve together."

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Photo by Windows on Unsplash

Conclusion

In today's digital age, remote work has become increasingly common, and with it comes the challenge of motivating and engaging employees who are not physically present in the office. The strategies outlined in this article provide practical approaches for modern businesses to foster motivation and productivity among remote employees.

Setting clear and concise goals is essential for remote employees to understand their objectives and stay focused on their work. As Richard Branson, founder of Virgin Group, once said, "Setting goals is the first step in turning the invisible into the visible." By clearly articulating expectations and deliverables, remote employees can align their priorities and feel a sense of purpose in their work.

Moreover, strong communication practices play a crucial role in keeping remote teams connected and engaged. As teamwork expert Patrick Lencioni puts it, "The single biggest problem in communication is the illusion that it has taken place." Employers must establish effective communication channels and encourage regular check-ins to ensure remote employees feel supported and have opportunities to ask questions or seek guidance. Facilitating opportunities for virtual face-to-face interactions through video conferencing tools can also help foster a sense of connection and collaboration among team members.

To further enhance remote team dynamics, employers should utilize the right technologies for collaboration. Digital platforms that enable real-time document sharing, project management, and instant messaging can streamline workflow and promote seamless collaboration. As Bill Gates, co-founder of Microsoft, once said, "Technology is just a tool. In terms of getting the kids working together and motivating them, the teacher is the most important." By embracing the right technology tools and providing proper training, businesses can empower remote employees to work efficiently and contribute to the team's success.

In conclusion, motivating remote employees requires a comprehensive and thoughtful approach. By setting clear goals, encouraging strong communication, leveraging the right technologies, recognizing contributions, promoting wellness and work-life balance, building trust and autonomy, facilitating skill development, and fostering team spirit and creativity, businesses can create an environment where remote employees thrive and feel motivated. As Albert Einstein wisely said, "Setting an example is not the main means of influencing others; it is the only means." By employing these strategies, businesses can set an example of how to effectively motivate and engage remote employees, ultimately leading to increased productivity and overall success.

1John Doerr, Measure What Matters (2018)
2Susan M. Heathfield, "The Balance Careers: Tips for Employee Recognition," The Balance Careers (2020)
3Ashley Whillans, Joris Lammers, and Valerie Keller, "The Power of Tangible Rewards," Harvard Business Review (2016)
4"State of the Global Workplace," Gallup (2017)
5"Creating the Productive Workplace" by Derek Clements-Cortés
6"The Power of Full Engagement" by Jim Loehr and Tony Schwartz
7"Drive" by Daniel H. Pink
8Richard Branson
9Timothy R. Clark, "The 5 Ways That Highly Engaged Employees Are Different," (2017)
10Stephen R. Covey, "The Speed of Trust: The One Thing That Changes Everything," (2008)
11Daniel H. Pink, "Drive: The Surprising Truth About What Motivates Us," (2009)
12Jay Samit, Disrupt Yourself: Master Personal Transformation, Seize Opportunity, and Thrive in the Era of Endless Innovation (2015)
13Ken Blanchard, The One Minute Manager (1982)
14Chris Grosser
15Albert Einstein, "Creativity involves breaking out of established patterns in order to look at things in a different way."
16Andrew Carnegie, "Teamwork is the ability to work together toward a common vision."
17Scott Adams, "Creativity is allowing yourself to make mistakes. Art is knowing which ones to keep."
18Maya Angelou, "The more you learn, the more you can do."
19Amy Jo Martin, "When you create an online community, you're creating a sense of belonging, a space where people feel connected to each other."
20Richard Branson, "The Virgin Way: Everything I Know About Leadership" (2014)